Ancient Sumer and Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 124

Old Sumer and Egypt - Essay Example Nonetheless, now and again because of their insight particularly the recorders, they clashed with king’s orders. This is a direct result of their basic administrative jobs in the whole realm however they respected the most noteworthy office’s authority (Hansen and Kenneth 34). Antiquated Sumer Empire had confidence in different family divine beings, which they ascribed with the duty of overseeing nature through each having particular jobs (Hansen and Kenneth 34). A portion of these divine beings grasp Ninhursag, Nunurta, Inanna, Enki, Enlil, and Inanna (Bancroft-Hunt 44). The most remarkable divinity in Ancient Sumer was the tempest god since he had the solidarity to control floods and tempests that influenced their business as a cultivating realm. What's more, the human lord assumed a basic job, which is being a mediator between the individuals and the Sumer’s residents. Sumerians favored urban life in spite of most of them relying upon cultivating. They additio nally communicated in one language, which they utilized as a type of recognizable proof and having a place paying little mind to radiating from the various city-states (Donn, and Don 17). Old Egypt’s political power spun around the Pharaoh whom the individuals regarded was a child of Ra (god of the sun) (Steele 12). In this way, as indicated by the residents, Pharaoh was a greater amount of god than a simple human man in the whole domain (Steele 12). He likewise accepted the whole empire’s power however he practiced his announcements by means of the clerics and other sacred men who had a place with an honorable gathering (Steele 12). Tax collection additionally existed all through the domain whereby residents gave out their separate segments to the legislature dependent on returns or benefits they achieved (Steele 35). Inability to conform to tax assessment administers, the administration oppressed the sentenced to constrained work and bondage with the goal of providing food for the bits they didn't pay.

Essay Comparing Brave New World and The Giver -- comparison compare co

Looking at Brave New World and The Giver  At the point when one inspects the similitudes between Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and The Giver by Lois Lowry, they might be astounded. They may imagine that Lowry simply did a run off of Huxley's exceptionally fruitful artful culmination. The likenesses are exceptional, yet so are their disparities. Numerous parts of these books are practically indistinguishable while others are totally unfamiliar to one another. Both of these books include organized social orders, however the social orders are not the equivalent. In Brave New World, there are no families or distinct accomplices, yet neither one of the societies trusts in adoration or genuine family. The Giver has no particular standing framework, however the individuals from their locale don't have control of their own future; that is left to the older folks of the network. In conclusion are Jonas and John. They are essentially the fundamental characters and both persevere through serious inward difficulties, however would t hey say they are comparable enough to make the books comparable?  In Brave New World, there is certainly a rank arrangement of network individuals. Each degree of society minds their own business. They work and live as per how they were molded. They don't have a specific statute on habits or conduct; they are indiscriminate and, generally, cordial. The characters in Brave New World don't have a clue about the importance of the word love. They don't have the scarcest suspicion of what it resembles to have a family; the thoughts of guardians and labor spurn them. The Giver has a general public that trusts in having families for strength, yet they don't have confidence in affection. The word is expansive and futile. When Jonas inquired as to whether they cherished him, they snickered and instructed him to be progressively explicit in light of the fact that language is everything. Do they appreciate him? Yes.... ...ves, and to my understanding, kicks the bucket. Both John and Jonas were not intellectually prepared to deal with the circumstances they were stood up to with.  While many may not watch the similitudes or contrasts in Brave New World and The Giver, they are very self-evident. While one society is spurned at the past, the other just eradicates it from memory and it is never talked about. Neither one of the societies trusts in adoration or family, yet there are unobtrusive contrasts in their convictions. While The Giver has no positive standing framework, they have certain methodology for levels of society. John and Jonas are comparative characters who are stood up to with internal unrest and locate their own specific manner out. State-of-the-art existence and The Giver are great masterpieces that are very close in storylines. Regardless of whether one accepts that they are comparable or unique, it must be said that the likenesses are practically terrifying.

Leading and Managing Organizational Change Australian Rugby Team

Question: Talk about the Leading and Managing Organizational Change. Answer: Presentation The Australian national rugby association group, the Wallabies are among the best rugby crews on the planet and are positioned third on the planet. The Australian rugby crew has immovably settled competitions with France and England (Wallabies, 2017). The paper offers a week after week diary on the learning encounters identified with the HRM practices of Wallabies as a games association. The week after week reflections will help assess the present administration rehearses and their job in improving the hierarchical conduct. I was named as a Promotion Director for the Australian rugby crew, and my obligation was to make the group progressively well known with the assistance of extraordinary occasions and group advancements. I needed to organize with the business supervisor and the showcasing executive and different individuals from the games the board. Game is a unique business adventure where the athletes are the item just as the specialist organizations. The association is totally d ifferent from different associations, and one needs to set up successful methods of coordinating legitimate authoritative conduct inside the Rugby sports association. I took about seven days to settle down and get acquainted with the group and its administration rehearses. A gathering was held a week ago to talk about the following difficulties and expanding number of challenges looked by the Rugby crew. The games group couldn't pull in and hold great mentors, volunteers, athlete and managers inside the association. The finish of the gathering was that the basic administration structure and the hierarchical conduct should be investigated. The games supervisory crew felt that it was sufficient to enlist ideal individuals as well as remember the business objectives and targets. Key HRM rehearses were examined which can deal with remunerations and motivating forces. The attention ought to be on creating powerful culture and solid relational connections that can deal with clashes, debates, and complaints. In the wake of being in the Australian rugby sports supervisory crew, I comprehended that Sports associations are more convoluted and it is testing. I imagine that it is essential to investigate singular practices and view of each and everybody included. I felt that it would to be sure be trying to bring positive results and improve hierarchical adequacy. The games club was confronting challenges as a result of the higher business center and was battling to meet the expenses. A significant number of the rugby players were moving to different nations tricked by higher wages and better employment fulfillment. This is positively not uplifting news for the Australian rugby. The games supervisory crew should fight with the outside weights by creating common fulfillment between the players, mentors, the administering bodies, and so forth. (Taylor and Francis, 2013). A gathering was held by the games supervisory group to survey the present status of the group and talk about the difficulties . The principle issues were the shortage of assets and lower level of fulfillment among the players and mentors. It was chosen to make two distinct groups; one would concentrate on raising assets for some time others would fabricate the confidence of the rugby players and mentors. Each colleague was to concentrate on the objectives and work together. I was made the pioneer of the group liable for building assets as I was likewise the Promotion Director for the Australian rugby crew. The other group pioneer was alloted the job of dealing with the preparation, assessing and remunerating of the rugby crew and its exhibition. Their goal was to raise the degree of fulfillment among the colleagues with better correspondence, and compromise. Nonetheless, I needed to facilitate with the group chief of the other gathering. I was contemplating how to lead my group towards another method of cooperating and roll out positive improvements inside the games association. As a group head and the Promotion Director, I held a gathering with my colleagues a week ago and conceptualized various thoughts on the best way to raise assets for the Rugby crew and make it much progressively well known. I trust in the style of transformational initiative to achieve significant changes in my colleagues and the association. I urged everybody to get included and spurred them to rank the issues looked by the rugby crew and build up an activity intend to raise reserves. In view of the conversation, our group settles on selling stock, getting sponsorship and facilitating Exhibition matches with the neighborhood groups to raise assets and fame of the group. I had a gathering with the other group pioneer, and after conversations, we arrived at the determination that an appropriate authoritative conduct should be incorporated into the group on the off chance that it needs to perform effectively and make more successes. Regardless of whether a solitary rugby player isn't ca rrying out his responsibility effectively or the games mentor isn't performing to his ideal limit, the effects can be seen promptly in the exhibition of the entire group. Our group started dealing with extra product, for example, brew glasses, vehicle stickers, mugs, ties, and T-shirts. The promoted was first sold inside the club as players are regularly self-propelled buy product and feel a piece of the group. The stocks make for an advantageous present for all individuals related with the club and are a viable method of publicizing the club and its players. Display matches were sorted out between the group and the nearby schools and clubs for nothing. Sponsorships were searched for to support business advantage. During my meet with the other group pioneer, we settled upon that it is basic to building solid relational connections to deal with any complaints, stress, and clashes among the cooperative individuals and the mentor. The colleagues of the other gathering compose one-on-on e gathering to unwind the mentalities of people in the association. The mentors and the players were gotten some information about their workplace, their responsibility to the Rugby association and their compensation. It is fundamental to note here that singular execution of a player assumes a significant job in reinforcing the establishment of rugby crew execution, and thus it ought to never be disregarded. In this manner, it was proposed to utilize execution evaluations consistently. Two kinds of execution evaluations were utilized, the authoritative examinations and formative examination. Authoritative evaluations concentrated on the pay, rewards, advancements and preparing programs for the players, while the formative examination ought to be modified by the necessities and experience of every player. The time had come devouring to design and sort out promoted things. At long last, extra product with the Rugby crew logo and the players names and pictures was prepared. An expert g roup was employed to plan vivid structures and logos. It took about seven days to get mugs, ties and T-shirts printed and composed the deal. Banners and solicitations were intended to send a greeting for display matches to neighborhood clubs and school. The Proper timetable was overseen so that there is in any event one presentation coordinate each week. A group was sorted out to deal with sponsorships. I got together with the other group pioneer to print out execution evaluation structures for every player and an alternate one for the mentor to survey their presentation and fulfillment level inside the games association. Everybody in the group tried sincerely and is presently all set ahead with the plans. We guaranteed that there was successful correspondence between all colleagues consistently. Arena administrators and neighborhood groups were reached with point by point plans for setting and ticketing plans to have display matches. Product things conveying the name and logos of t he group were skilled and offered to bring issues to light and prominence of the game. Execution evaluation structures were passed out to all the colleagues. Sponsorship was followed to manufacture the business relationship and get basic financing for the games club. I understood throughout the weeks that how significant is the collaboration behind the accomplishment of each association. A solid cooperation is basic to comprehend the difficulties and forestall any contentions that can go about as a prevention. The contention arose among the group dealing with promoted things and their deal. I interceded when essential and ensured each and everybody was treated with deference. I offered urging thoughts to the colleagues to decrease any contention. I ensured that everybody felt warm in the working atmosphere. All things considered, running the rugby crew and club requires a solid physical and mental association. It was surely an incredible learning experience to experience the arrangi ng and sorting out the collaboration. I took in the significant job and obligation of a pioneer to achieve complex assignments. As declared by Tsai (2011), it is basic to comprehend the way of life inside an association and keep up a sound domain with sufficient correspondence and advance the hierarchical way of thinking with the cooperation between the authority and colleagues. Various groups have various difficulties and dangers, and the group adequacy can be chipped away at with viable correspondence and opportune disintegration of contentions. I would utilize the new information and involvement with future tasks. References Tsai, Y. (2011). Connection between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98 Wallabies. (2017). The Roar - Your Sports Opinion Retrieved from https://www.theroar.com.au/rugby-association/wallabies/

Installation of the district heating scheme - Free Essay Example

Q) Establish some contractual and procurement difficulties if your Organisation were to be main contractor for installation of a district heating scheme serving 100 pensioners bungalows. Produce a basic procurement cost plan for contractors to price against. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION District heating is a system where the heat for an area is produced centrally, and hot water or steam is transported to the buildings through a network of pipes. Heat is transferred into individual properties through a heat exchanger, and then used in conventional heating systems (in flats, for example, there may just be one heat exchanger for the whole block). District heating networks vary widely in scale from individual developments or apartment blocks to whole cities. In Denmark, where district heating accounts for about 60% of the heat supplied, cities such as Copenhagen receive heat from large-scale power stations and energy from waste plants situated up to 40km away. Modern district heating can be cost effective and reduce CO2 emissions compared to conventional heating systems. This is because generating heat centrally at large scale can reduce costs compared to generating heat in boilers in individual properties, particularly when combined heat and power (CHP) plants are used. Heat transported through the network can also be converted into cooling using absorption chillers, again improving the efficiency of the system and also providing an option to use heat produced in the summer. District heating is more environmentally friendly than conventional heating, the potential to reduce emissions will depend greatly on the fuel used and the type of central plant that is generating the heat. Modern district heating offers the potential to use a variety of low carbon and renewable heat generation technologies, such as CHP using fossil fuels, biomass or waste, biomass boilers or surplus heat from industrial processes. As an experienced and tested technology, employed effectively in many countries, district heating has evolved significantly from the days when it was first installed. Networks are now highly efficient, with sophisticated heating controls that allow suppliers to maintain the network and consumers to easily manage their heat use. Underground sensors are able to quickly locate any leaks, and back-up generating plant, is used to limit the effect of possible problems with the central generating plant. CHAPTER 2: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY The main aim is to establish the contractual and procurement difficulties of the main contractor for installation of the district heating scheme serving 100 pensioners bungalows. The aims and objectives can be summarized as follows; To install a district heating scheme to serve 100 pensioners bungalows. To conduct the feasibility study of CHP/CH for district heating. To establish contractual and procurement issues that may occur in this project scheme. To study life cycle costing of the district heating scheme. CHAPTER 3: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CHP/CH FOR DISTRICT HEATING SCHEMES Any CH development, whether new or refurbished, large or small, should start with a feasibility study, during which the technical and economic viability of community heating, compared with other possible options, will clearly emerge. The application of CHP enhances the combined heat option by providing heat and power with a very high overall efficiency. So this section deals primarily with the feasibility of CHP/CH schemes. Options should be compared using sound economic principles, always ensuring that full life-cycle costing is used. The content of the feasibility study will be far reaching and, in the course of the work, many fundamental decisions will be made as to the technical approach and the most attractive option to be pursued. Once the project development stage is reached it is much more difficult to change course. Consequently the feasibility study needs to be carefully procured, managed and fully discussed before proceeding further. 3.1: Defining the brief Whether the study is being carried out in-house or using external resources, it is necessary to define a brief. This must state the objectives clearly, and provide information on existing buildings and their heating systems, the general aspirations of the organisation commissioning the study, and the time-scale for the study. Any particular issues of concern should be mentioned, but otherwise the brief should not constrain the scope of the study. If external consultants are to be appointed, their selection should be primarily on the basis of the capability, qualifications and experience of the study team and their approach and methodology. The study should include engineering, economics, environmental and commercial issues, together with related health and safety matters, for which a comprehensive team of experts needs to be assembled, often with external consultants working closely with in-house lead personnel. An indication of the economic parameters to be used in assessing options should be provided in the brief, e.g. the test discount rate and the period of analysis to be assumed in a discounted cash flow analysis. Such information will be needed during the study, and early discussion and agreement on these parameters is advisable. It is important to insist that the correct basis of full life-cycle costing is applied to each of the options under consideration. Once the main options have been established, capital costs will need to be estimated, as well as operating and maintenance costs where these are the responsibility of the CHP/CH developer. 3.2: Heat and electricity demand assessment The starting point of a study is the determination of the market for heat, cooling and power. Initially, this involves enlisting support for a scheme from organisations such as the local authority, large hospitals or a university, all of which can help to provide essential core load for a proposed scheme. It is also important to consider the concentration of heat demand which can accure from such potential customers. Cooling by means of absorption chillers offers a further use for heat, particularly at times when heating is not required. The heating, cooling and power requirement for buildings can be obtained from previous data, provided the existing building use is to be remain unchanged, or by energy modelling techniques. It is important that all cost-effective energy-saving measures for the building either be implemented, or at least considered, before determining heat demand. The fundamental minimum requirements of the heat demand assessments are: the temperature requirements of the heating system the determination of peak heat demands annual energy consumption. These datas will enable some approximate economic work to commence. However, the revenues from the production of electricity vary with time of day and time of year, and hence the cost of heat production from a CHP plant will also vary over the years. It will, therefore, be necessary to determine a heat demand profile over the year, at least on a monthly basis and preferably weekly. Monthly heat demand profiles can be estimated using weather data, together with establishing a hot water energy demand profile. In addition, the variation of heat demands over a 24-hour period will be useful, but these data are likely to be available only if a high level of instrumentation has already been installed within the buildings. The hourly heat demand profile is required so that simultaneous heat and power production can be simulated. For electricity, half-hourly data will normally be available for larger users, and monthly data from bills. Consideration needs to be given to the effect of the foll owing on demand profiles for heat and power: metering and charging tariffs if historical data are based on un-metered heat, a change to metered supply normally leads to significant reductions in heat use. there may be cost-effective opportunities to reduce heat demand by adding insulation to the building fabric. liberalisation of the electricity market makes it easier to sell electricity directly to residents on community heating schemes. use of surplus heat for cooling, particularly in summer, when residential heating requirements are low or zero. At the feasibility stage these decisions will not have been finalised and it may therefore be necessary to proceed with a range of possible heat and power demands. 3.3: Heating systems within buildings It is necessary to establish details of existing heating systems within the buildings. Some of these may be unsuitable for connection to CH systems, in which an outline engineering design will be needed for their replacement. Where systems are more compatible, their operating temperatures and pressures need to be established together with an assessment of their effectiveness in meeting current and future needs. If there is some extra capacity available then it may be possible to reduce operating temperatures and flow rates in heating circuits, which will generally be of benefit to the CH scheme. It is also important to establish the method of control used for both time and temperature in order to predict accurately effects on the CH systems. When details of existing systems are available it will be possible to propose a programme of works that will enhance existing systems and yet still be compatible with the proposed CH system. However, several options may have to be considered and cost estimates are prepared for use, in an overall option appraisal. In some buildings, the provision of domestic hot water may represent a significant part of the demand, and there are a number of ways of generating domestic hot water from a CH system. The most energy-efficient schemes will involve taking advantage of the low temperature of the cold water feed so as to cool the community heating return as close as possible to this temperature. This leads to the use of non-storage calorifiers or additional coil surface in cylinders. In larger buildings, two-stage heating, utilising the return water from a space-heating circuit to carry out pre-heating of the cold water feed, is the best solution, provided it should be economical. 3.4: Central Plant Once the heat demand assessment has been made, work can commence on examining the central plant options. The aspects to be covered are: prime mover choice fuel choice, contract flexibility, and security site location and topography, and interfaces with fuel, electricity and CH infrastructure balance between CHP heat and boiler heat provision of standby capacity building to house the plant. It is likely that a number of options will present themselves and each will need to be analysed under similar assumptions to determine the optimum selection. Capital, operating and maintenance costs will need to be assessed for each combination of plant. The CHP operating strategy needs to be developed to establish the most economical method of operation in relation to varying heat and power demand profiles and varying selling prices, e.g. following the heat demand at full output and dumping heat. A spreadsheet-based operating model is essential to ensure that the correct operating strategy has been made and to calculate the annual energy flows, and to permit rapid sensitivity analysis. The optimum CHP plant capacity needs to be determined by considering a range of plant sizes and by carrying out an economic assessment of each. For single-site CHP projects it is important to have a reasonable match between the generated output and the electricity demand. For a CHP/CH system, electricity is often sold in bulk and the site demand must also be taken into account. However, there may be good opportunities for selling electricity to customers who are more directly linked to the scheme, by use of system arrangements. In this case, modelling the CHP plant in relation to electricity demand may need to be considered. The use of thermal storage and heat dumping may be of greater assistance in allowing the CHP plant a higher flexibility in matching demand profiles. There may also be opportunities for tri-generation (heat, chilling and electricity). Some CH schemes are initially established without CHP, due to the large capital outlay involved. Even without CHP, there may still be environmental and economic advantages from load diversification, and further economic benefits from purchasing fuel in bulk. The use of pre-insulated pipes and low NO2, high-efficiency or condensing boilers have helped to make modern combined heat systems robust, environmentally friendly, and economically advantageous. It should be stressed, however, that CHP offers immediate environmental benefits, and long-term economic advantages. 3.5: Heat Distribution systems After the building demands and the central plant location have been determined it is then possible to examine the heat distribution system. In order to analyse the network rapidly and to calculate costs, computer software is essential. For large schemes, only the primary mains, together with sample areas of sub-distribution mains, will need to be analysed at this stage. The more difficult aspect is to determine which routes for CH pipe work are technically feasible and cost-effective. Considerable assistance may be obtained by consulting ordnance Survey maps. These are now available on CAD format but at a significant cost. However, there is no substitute for an informed site survey, and a detailed examination of other utility services drawings. Within the feasibility study it will be necessary at least to identify any major constraints to routes, e.g. road and rail crossings, the presence of underground sewers, railway tunnels, etc. In selecting routes the use of open, grassed areas will lead to significant cost savings, as with the avoidance of major roads. Consultation with the Local Authority Planning and Highways Department is essential. 3.6: Optimisation This is the most complex phase of a feasibility study, where the various options available for CHP plant, heat distribution and building heating systems need to be assembled into a number of scheme options all with their individual sets of cost and revenue streams. Some cases may be simplified by a process of logical comparison, but normally it will be necessary to compare the options using discounted cash flow analysis, and hence to determine the preferred option on the basis of maximising net present value or internal rate of return. Some of the system optimisation issues that are likely to need evaluation are given below. 3.6.1: Operating temperatures A high flow temperature will result in a larger temperature drop, lower flow rates and hence smaller pipe diameters can be used. This capital cost advantage will be offset by the need for more expensive building connections and possibly higher heat production costs, depending on the CHP plant selected. 3.6.2: Operating pressures The option exists to run the system at a lower operating pressure by over-sizing the network; the extra cost incurred should be compared with savings from using the cheaper direct connection method to link building heating systems to the community heating network. Pumping costs also need to be considered, particularly for larger systems, where higher design pressure reduces the amount of booster pumping required. The topographic variation will also need to be considered when deciding upon operation pressure. 3.6.3: Size of scheme A smaller scheme may be more compact and have a relatively inexpensive network, but larger schemes may result in economies of scale for the CHP plant arising from higher efficiency and lower capital cost per kW. The phased expansion of the scheme also needs to be considered, as does ways in which this might affect the plant and the network design. 3.6.3: Heat meters The installation of heat meters will result in lower buildings energy use and reduced operating costs. If the individual dwellings are equipped with heat meters, energy savings should be compared with the additional capital cost and consumer administration charges. It is also possible that the provision of heat meters for each dwelling may be the only way to achieve market acceptability by residents and energy developers. In addition, the inclusion of heat meters will have a positive effect on Standard Assessment Procedure rating (SAP). 3.6.4: Building heating systems The conversion of a heating system to more compatible operating conditions will involve additional capital cost, but if it results in better plant selection or increased heat sales it may be justified. One example is converting steam heating at a hospital to low temperature hot water heating suitable for connection to a community heating network. 3.6.5: Improvements to building fabric Some buildings, fabric insulation improvements will be cost-effective in energy terms. The economic advantage is not as great when the building is supplied by CHP/CH as it would be for small conventional boilers or electric space heating, because the marginal cost of heat is lower. There is, however, a financial advantage in reducing peak heat demands as the capacity of the CHP plant and the heat distribution network can be reduced. The resultant saving in capital cost needs to be included in the economic assessment of insulation measures. Once the main options have been established, capital costs will need to be estimated as well as operating and maintenance costs where these are the responsibility of the CHP/CH developer 3.7: Revenues from heat and electricity sales 3.7.1: Heat sales A good understanding of a customers current and likely future costs for conventional heating is required in order to judge the maximum heat sales income available. These costs will include fuel, operating and maintenance and provision for future boiler replacement. It will be necessary to structure a heat sales package so that the advantages can clearly be seen. At feasibility level there will need to be a sufficiently large discount to be confident that this level of income can be obtained for the period of analysis. A long-term commitment is unlikely to be obtained at this stage and information on existing costs may be limited, so a cautious approach may be needed. The situation is clearer in the residential sector where the costs of the conventional individual boiler systems are generally well established. The main options available in the residential sector are: sales to individual residents by means of a fixed charge related to size of dwelling sales to individual residents based on measuring the heat energy actually used (dwelling heat meters) sales to individual residents based on the measurement of actual energy used by a block of flats and an apportionment based on size of dwelling/occupancy. Pre-payment systems can be used to collect either fixed or variable charges or a combination of both. Some consideration should be given to assessing the likely levels of bad debt where prepayment systems are not installed, and bad debt costs may need to be incorporated in the economic analysis. 3.7.2: Electricity sales Where CHP plant is installed, it is vital to obtain the maximum income from the electricity produced. Typically, a 10% increase in electricity sales will improve the internal rate of return (IRR) of a project (see section 1.10) by 2%, whereas a 10% increase in heat sales will improve the IRR by 1%. The CHP/CH company may opt to sell electricity in bulk to the host public electricity supplier (PES), which will normally offer terms on a p/kWh basis for electricity generated at different times of the day and year seasonal time of day (STOD) tariff. However, if the CHP/CH company can supply electricity users directly (this may include residents themselves) a much better return can be obtained. Among the more favourable options that exist, (following the liberalisation of the electricity market in 1998) is the sale of electricity direct to residents and other customers. A summary of the options is as follows: sale to the host PES sale to a second tier supplier, i.e. other PESs and oth er suppliers of electricity direct sale to customers as a second tier supplier. This implies pool membership for an aggregate supply of more than 500 kW sale under the non fossil-fuel obligation (NFFO) (only for energy-from-waste projects which have bid for this arrangement in advance). sale through the pool (this entails having pool membership and is more appropriate for projects in the range 30 MWe-50 MWe) sale as an on-site generator to other customers on the same site. It will normally be helpful to use the conventional route of sale to the host PES for the base case analysis, with the other options considered as possible improvements that can be investigated, depending on the scale of the project and the resources of the study. An element of negotiation will be needed in most of these options. As a result, definite figures are not likely to be available at the feasibility stage and a range of results may be presented as a sensitivity analysis. The sale of electricity as a second tier supplier may be of particular interest to CHP/CH schemes because there will be the opportunity to market heat and electricity together to customers on the community heating scheme. Selling two utility services may also bring benefits in metering and charging arrangements. This option is therefore discussed further below. If a CHP/CH scheme is to undertake to sell electricity direct to customers, additional arrangements will be required, for example: a top-up and standby purchase arrangement for times when the generation is less than customer demand (including times of CHP plant outage); as a pool member a second tier supplier can purchase this power direct from the pool a contract for selling spill power for times when more power is generated than customers demand either the payment of use-of-system charges, the purchase of existing electricity infrastructure or the installation of new cables in order to transfer power to the customers. In the domestic sector, the creditworthiness of customers should be considered and the possible need for a form of prepayment. The management of debt collection is a customer care issue, and disconnection policies need to be fully developed if customers are to be retained in the long term. 3.8: Development Programme An important output from the feasibility study is a development programme. This is required first to permit the construction of cash flows for capital expenditure, and second to enable advance planning of subsequent stages. A separate, more detailed programme may be produced covering the period of development from the conclusion of the feasibility study to the start of construction, if the route to achieve this is sufficiently clear. It is also worth establishing a watching brief on all work involving renewal of underground services, so that opportunities may be taken to coordinate projects, thus reducing costs and disruption. Issues to consider when drawing up the programme are: the need for a further project definition stage the need for further site surveys and investigations consultation with customers and adjacent building owners and residents planning applications (and associated environmental statements) Building Regulations applications energy rating and emission improvements preparation of invitations to tender tender period short-listing construction companies short-listing energy developer companies short-listing operating companies assessment of tenders and final negotiations of contracts mobilisation site clearance construction commissioning and testing operation and maintenance. Supervision during construction is of paramount importance in order to secure the necessary quality of system. 3.9: Economic Appraisals At the heart of any economic appraisal are the cash flows, a set of annual capital, operating and maintenance expenditures, and annual revenues from the sale of heat and electricity. These cash flows are normally evaluated in real terms. To compare scheme options, and determine whether the project is economically feasible, there are a number of arithmetical calculations based on the cash flows. It is essential that, when conducting an economic appraisal, full life-cycle costs are used to compare the various options. Simple payback period Defined as the period in which the initial investment is recovered by the annual saving. Generally this approach is too simplistic where the capital expenditure may be spread over a number of years, and where the income may vary from year to year. It is therefore not recommended. Net Present Value (NPV) To calculate the NPV it is necessary to define the cost of borrowing capital (or lost income from capital which could have been invested elsewhere) and the period for the analysis of the project. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) This can be defined as the test discount rate that results in a net present value of zero. IRR is less robust than NPV as it can lead to the selection of a smaller-scale project which, although generating a higher return, involves less capital so that the total value of the income stream is lower than the maximum potential. Both NPV and IRR calculations are available within most spreadsheet software packages. The above parameters are normally sufficient to compare options and present the results to the client organisation for a decision to proceed further. An appraisal by a financier is also likely to involve the calculation of tax implications and debt cover ratios. As an illustration of an economic appraisal, two approaches are outlined below. From the perspective of a building owner who wants to examine the cheapest method of supplying heat and power to the building or groups of buildings. The economic analysis would assemble cash flows for capital and operating costs for both the CHP scheme and the alternative approach of conventional boilers. The CHP scheme would involve significant initial capital and have an income stream for surplus electricity sales. The conventional approach will have investments in future boiler plant scheduled for future years. The NPV approach enables these varying cash flows to be summed to give a single figure; the NPV in this case being the net present cost for supplying the site with heat and power over a defined period. If the CHP/CH option gives a lower cost then it is the more economical option. From the perspective of an energy developer company, cash flows will be established for capital investments and income from both heat and electricity sales. The heat and electricity selling prices will be related to the market for these energy products. An IRR can be calculated for the project investment and the NPV for a given discount rate. The CHP/CH option with the highest NPV will be selected and the IRR must be greater than the minimum required by the energy developer company, taking account of the risks in the project. It is worthwhile investigating whether any local major consumer, such as a local authority, is willing to connect all their buildings to a scheme. This can reduce the investment risk significantly and improve cash flow. The question of economic viability cannot be separated from an analysis of risk, particularly where project finance is the route employed. It will be necessary to carry out an analysis in which as many of the costs and performance figures as possible can be contractually underwritten before presenting the results to a financial institution for a view on financial viability. A sensitivity analysis is of assistance in identifying which of the many parameters are the most important when considering the risk to the economic performance of the scheme, and also for indicating the range of likely outcomes. From this analysis the advantages of obtaining longer-term fuel purchase contracts or heat and power sales contracts can be judged. Some community heating schemes are init ially established without CHP, due to the large capital outlay involved. It may, however, be instructive to consider the economics of a boiler-only community heating option so that the benefits of the CHP plant itself can be separately demonstrated. 3.10: Environmental Assessments A preliminary environmental assessment should form a part of the feasibility study, identifying both the advantages and disadvantages of CHP. 3.11: Health and safety Any construction project is covered by the Construction Design and Management (CDM) regulations. The aim of these regulations is to ensure that safety issues are considered from the start of the project, and this may include the feasibility stage. It will be necessary to appoint a planning supervisor and to carry out an outline design risk assessment. CHAPTER 4: Contractual Issues 4.1: Works contracts The EU Directive is implemented in the main by the Public Works Contracts Regulations 1991 (SI 1991:2680). The basic qualifying threshold is currently set at special drawing rights (SDR). The rules apply principally to building and civil engineering works together with associated activities such as installation work. Public work concessions are subject to a more relaxed regime under the rules. Following the adoption of Council Directive 97/52/EC on 13 October 1997, amending the EU public sector directives to align with the new Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), all thresholds for the public sector should now be expressed in SDR. Where the value of the contract exceeds the threshold, contracting bodies are required to publish a prior information notice giving the essential characteristics of qualifying works contracts following decisions to approve the planning of works. A contract notice should be published in the Official Journal when offers are sought in relation to a works c ontract. When inviting tenders, negotiated procedures may be used only in exceptional circumstances. The choice is mainly between open and restricted procedures under which all tenderers must bid against the same specification and terms and conditions of contract. The negotiated procedure allows a preferred bidder to be chosen before the final terms of the contract are agreed. There are strict provisions on technical standards requiring the use of European standards in tender documentation in preference to national ones. The award of the contract must be either on the basis of the lowest price or the most economically advantageous tender. If this latter test is used a contracting authority should specify which further elements would be relevant, such as technical merit, delivery dates, after-sales services, running costs etc, when possible in order of importance. Unsuccessful bidders can obtain reasons for rejection of their tender so the contracting authority must maintain compliance records. After the award of the contract, new or additional work can only be carried out in certain very limited circumstances. 4.2: Enforcement Any contractor or potential contractor that can prove that it has been prejudiced by the failure to apply the procurement rules correctly will have a cause of action against the contracting authority or utility in national courts. Under the UK implementation of the enforcement directives (there are a general remedies directive and a more particular utilities remedies directive) it is not, however, possible to set aside a contract once it has finally been entered into. In such a case the only remedy would be damages CHAPTER 5: Procurement Issues 5.1: Supplies The EU Directive (93/36/EEC) is implemented by the Public Supply Contracts Regulations 1995 (SI 1995:201). The supply rules apply where a contracting authority seeks to purchase or hire certain goods. The qualifying threshold is currently SDR 200 000. Again, negotiated procedures are the exception. As with the works rules, a contracting authority will usually employ the open or restricted procedures. There are requirements to publish a prior information notice above 750 000 ECU for contracts of the same product and a contract notice in order to attract offers. The comments in section above on award criteria, technical specifications and maintaining records of awards also apply to the supply rules. 5.2: Services The EU Directive is implemented by the Public Services Contracts Regulations 1993 (SI 1993:3228). Services are defined in the rules by exclusion they do not include contracts of employment or service, works (under the works rules), certain utilities-related services or services concessions. The value threshold is set at SDR 200 000. As per the works and supply rules, provisions are made for prior information notices above 750 000 ECU for contracts falling to the same category of services. A distinction is made between services (e.g. maintenance and repair of vehicles and equipment, accounting, architectural services, property management services) which are subject to the full tendering procedures and services (e.g. legal, education and vocational, recreational, cultural and sporting services) which are subject to limited tendering procedure requirements. 5.3: Utilities EU Directive 93/38 deals with works, supplies and services in respect of utilities. The Directive has been implemented in the UK by the Utilities Contracts Regulations 1996 (SI 1996: 2911). The Regulations list classes of bodies identified as utilities. The rules also list specified activities (such as the supply of gas or electricity). If an entity falls under the former list and is engaged in an activity under the latter list, then the utilities rules will apply. The thresholds are ECU 5 million in the case of works contracts and ECU 400 000 for supplies and services in the energy, water, and transport sectors and ECU 600,000 for supplies and services in the telecommunications sector. The main difference between the utilities directives and the general sectors directives is the more flexible procedure that can be used in the former case. Again, there is a choice between the use of the restricted, negotiated and open procedures and time limits/procedures are set out. The rules on aw ard criteria, standards and record keeping are similar to those for the general sector. The specific procurement rules to be applied to a CHP project will depend on the precise characteristics of each project. However, it is likely that most CHP projects, if caught by the procurement regime, will fall within the scope of the utilities regulations. CHAPTER 6: LIFE CYCLE COSTING OF DISRICT HEATING SYSTEMS Many problems have been experienced with the operation and maintenance of many district heating schemes in the UK, and several authorities have been involved in analysing schemes to establish more precisely the nature of faults and difficulties. Schemes investigated have ranged in size from as small as 30 dwellings through systems serving 150-300 and up to 2000 dwellings. Detailed evaluation of individual sites indicates that faults were technically soluble and capable of correction. Many problems experienced were due to the fact that while financial and engineering decisions taken at the time of the original design and installation in the late 1960s or early 1970s were, and can be proved to have been, reasonable in the light of information available at that time, they were subsequently adversely affected by external influences such as the oil price crisis, the development of natural gas, and the need for energy conservation. Many schemes were also halted, or substantially reduced in scale, during the installation stage with resultant detrimental effects on operational efficiencies and economies of scale. 6.1: Evaluating the options The options available to local authorities include retention, refurbishment/upgrading or removal, and in order that a balanced judgement can be made it is essential that before large-scale capital investment is made in any existing or future scheme, each application is evaluated in both technical and economic terms over the expected useful life of the system. Such technical and economic studies should preferably contain reference to any large-scale capital expenditure involved on the basis of public sector investment appraisal methods employing approved NPV/IRR techniques, acceptable to economists in both local and central government. It is also essential in evaluating the nature of possible future schemes that these should also be approached on the same basis. Any overall analysis should include reference to the following factors: operational efficiencies and costs per kWh accounting procedures and cost assessments to tenants administrative problems associated with housing management levels of account arrears and cost collection problems system breakdowns and condition of boiler plant, underground mains and dwelling internals metering implications with regard to future operational costs and efficiencies cost quantification of unmetered losses and identification of single pipe loop systems cost quantification of any water losses and investigation into water treatment and make-up water meters financial effects resulting from systems operating below design capability effects of tenant energy conservation on plant loads and efficiencies investigation into the effects of the provision of additional tenant controls central plant efficiencies and electronic meters to measure heat at the boiler house wall evaluation of alternative fuels/refuse-derived fuel (RDF)/CHP, refuse incineratio n, etc possible introduction of pre-payment heat controllers existing and future maintenance procedures economic appraisal of existing systems in the long term availability of resources and possible use of private sector finance. While several of the items listed may be considered contentious in certain instances it is essential that the implications of both present and future actions should be fully appreciated. 6.2: Investment Analysis In evaluations of this nature the options include various strategies from merely returning the heating system to a viable operating state through to a situation whereby full financial control can be maintained over the operation of the system and the final option considers removal of the existing system and the provision of suitable replacement systems which would not be based on the principle of district heating. A common feature of each option is to determine the varying life expectancy of the equipment and components of each of the systems contained within the options, and from this it is possible to determine the overall useful life of each option. The assessment of such life expectancies is an engineering judgement and is based on data issued by the BRE, BSRIA, etc. However, it is clear that to maintain a viable operating system on an ongoing basis, the capital cost profile incurred at the initial refurbishment stage will recur at some point in the future when the system requir es a second and subsequent refurbishment(s) and it is important to reflect this in the investment appraisal. It is important that the scheme owner be fully aware of the basis on which the analysis has been prepared. This will prevent misunderstandings arising because of the selection of an appraisal review period which may not necessarily reflect the refurbishment costs for each option in the particular year in which they will ultimately be incurred. However, extending the review period to cover the whole of the major cost cycle resolves this presentational difficulty and this is the approach adopted in the economic appraisal procedure described. The scheme owner should appreciate fully the recurring nature of the respective cost cycles if they wish to maintain an ongoing viable system, and consideration can be given to the development of a separate fund to be set aside during the initial life expectancy of the equipment to provide for its eventual replacement. It could be suggested that where the review period is less than the full cycle of any major component part of the system, this could lead to confusion and misunderstanding in interpreting the financial implications. For example, it might be suggested that credits should be made in calculations in respect of the unexpired life element of any particular component of the system at the end of the review period. This would, however, undoubtedly cause confusion since it appears unlikely that any sum so credited would be realised should the system be terminated at that time and therefore the capital cost of operating the system for the review period would be in excess of the sum arrived at by that principle. Alternative calculations can also be made on the basis of lease rentals for the review period, but this may be open to confusion because it may not recognise the ongoing leasing cost commitment for the unexpired period of asset life on items such as mains and meters, etc, beyond the review period. Obviously, an ongoing liability would be present even if the system were terminated at that point. It is essential that the presentation of investment appraisal information clearly demonstrates the capital costs of providing a viable and ongoing system for each of the options under consideration. It is clearly important to emphasise the recurring nature of the capital costs involved and the presentation of information is somewhat complicated by the differing useful lives of the major component elements within the systems. A cycle of cost based on the major asset life expectancy must, therefore, be established in order to assist in determining the true cost of providing an ongoing long-term system. In conclusion, it is important to appreciate that certain technically feasible options may be eliminated by political, legal or financial constraints. CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES 1). BS 8211, part 1: British Standard Code of Practice on the Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Housing Applications Manual; part 1 Energy Efficient Refurbishment of Housing British Standards Institution, Chiswick High Road, London. 2). Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on District Heating; 1987, Technical and Economic Assessment of New Distribution Technology 3) Community Heating: UK Action Plan by Gill Owen. CHPA, 1992. World Energy Council 4) District Heating/Combined Heat Power. World Energy Council, 1991. Danish District Heating Association. 5) Electricity production connected to the local network: a guide, October 1996. Association of Electricity Producers, District Energy Schemes Coming in from the Cold by Dennis Jenkin. Gas Matters, 1997. EconoMatters Ltd. 6) Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers; CIBSE guide Book B. CIBSE 1986. 7) Water Treatment in Danish Community Heating Systems. Danish District Heating Association, June 1995. 8) Energy saving trust, Potential for Microgeneration. Study and Analysis. EST, London, 2005.

Internet Archiving Preserves The Live Web Essay - 979 Words

Internet archiving preserves the live web by saving snap- shots of the websites made with a specific date which can be browsed or searched for various reasons. Its object is to save the whole web without being in favor of a specific language, domain or geographical location. The importance of archiving made it important to check its coverage. In this paper, we try to determine how well Arabic websites are archived and indexed, and if the number of archived and indexed websites is affected by by country code top level domain, geographic location, creation date and depth. We also crawled for Arabic hyperlinks and checked its archiving and indexing. We sampled 15092 unique URIs from three different Arabic website directories; DMOZ http://www.dmoz.org/ World/Arabic/; a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web URIs; and two other Arabic website directories named Raddadi https://www.raddadi.com and Star28 https://www.star28.com. Then, we defined the boundaries of determining if the URI is characterized as a website written in Arabic language. We found that 7976 URIs satisfied this criteria. After that, we performed some analysis on those Arabic URIs. In our work we found four main findings. First, we found that 41% of Arabic websites are not archived and that 31% of Arabic websites are not indexed by Google. Second, we found that only 6.6% of the Arabic URIs had Arabic country code top level domain where 62% of this is archived and that 76% is indexed, and 2.3% had anShow MoreRelatedThe Internet Archive Preserves The Live Web1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Internet archive preserves the live web by saving snapshots of the websites made with a specific date which can be browsed or searched for various reasons. Its object is to save the whole web without being in favor of a specific lan- guage, domain or geographical location. The importance of archiving made it important to check its coverage. 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Black Giant An Epic Creation - 1067 Words

During the 1920’s, as cars became more widespread, society became evermore dependent on the properties of oil. Gas, a by-product of oil, was in high demand, but the supply was quickly being depleted. As once prosperous wells were reaching their limits, panic ensued upon the public Oil in America was becoming scarce and the search for outside sources was on. In the third installment of the Prize titled â€Å"Black Giant†, we follow America in its search for foreign oil. In the first two decades of the 20th century, America contained three-fourths of the worlds cars. Aiding to that statistics is the fact that the U.S. was also home to Henry Ford, creator of the Ford Motor company. Ford was a smart man and through specialization, the latest machinery, and the assembly line, he cut the cost to produce a car. This not only increased his profits, but it also made the vehicle more affordable to the everyday citizen. 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Ð’ Ð ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã µ Ð ¼Ã'€Ð °Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð Ã °Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ²Ã µÃ º. ИÃ' Ã'‡Ð µÃ · Ð ²Ã »Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹, ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ ´, И Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ³Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð £Ã ¶Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã µÃ'‚Read MoreThe On The Planet Of Tatooine1882 Words   |  8 Pageshave been able to make sense of that chaos. However, if you’re indifferent to the series, here is your intermission to run out and watch all 6 films... *Jeopardy theme music plays* Okay now, assuming you have general Star Wars knowledge, let’s talk creation. 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Enhancing Primary Care Of Elderly People -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Enhancing Primary Care Of Elderly People? Answer: Introducation It is necessary to collect Mrs. Walkers past medical history in order to understand the health complications she had suffered in the past as this would form the basis of the treatment plan at present. Further, it is necessary to interact with her family members for understanding the preferences of the patient and other information such as sleep patterns, allergies and dietary routine (Ackley et al., 2016). The health assessment process has many steps integrated into it, of which the interview stage is referred to the conversation taking place between the patient and the care giver with the purpose of highlighting patient information. The purpose of such interviews is to gain insight into the present as well as past physical condition of the patient and related physiological concerns. Based on the information collected from the interview, the care plan for the patient is to be outlined so that desirable patient outcomes are achieved (Cress, 2015). Assessment tools for older adult patients in a clinical setting are used for carrying out a comprehensive health assessment. Such tools are specific for highlighting patient concerns pertaining to impairments, health complaints and comorbidities suffered by older adults (Boltz et al., 2016). Older patients have higher chances of suffering medical morbidity and functional decline, both physical and cognitive. Assessment tools address each of these risk factors through their diverse elements embedded int he tools. For carrying out an assessment for Mrs. Walker, the two assessment tool that would be appropriate are Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. The concerns about Mrs. Walker regarding her emotional instability and anxiousness are to be discussed on an immediate basis with the psychogeriatrician she had consulted. The mental condition of a patient potentially interferes with the physical well-being of the patient and thus it is important for a nurse to address these issues. The attempts of communicating with the client on the nurses part are to be discussed. The tool that can be used for assessing the mental health condition of Mrs. Walker is the Mini-Mental State Examination tool. Research indicates that this tool, a 30-point questionnaire, is useful for the effective detection of the mental health status of the patient along with any cognitive impairment that the patient has suffered (Dains et al., 2015). The Standard 6 for the Enrolled Nurse relates to the decision making process and provision of care. As per this standard, a nurse is supposed to demonstrate her professionalism by providing timely and high quality care to a patient while upholding the provision of involvement of the patient in the care process. In a clinical setting, restraint is any equipment, device or material that is placed near the patients body or is attached to the body itself so that the patients movement is restricted to a desirable extent. The aim of such restraints is to reduce the ability of the patient to make an inappropriate movement that might cause harm to the patient herself or others. The person who is is ultimately responsible for authorizing the use of restraint is the enrolled nurse delivering care to the patient (Foebel et al., 2016). The psychology restraints appropriate for Mrs. Walker are sided rails that prevent the patient from moving out of bed and enclosure bed. The purpose is to reduce the chances of patient fall. The obligation is to make sure that the patient is able to make the necessary movements required for her comfort. The first and main reason for the weight loss of Mrs. Walker can be attributed to poor nutrition as she has been found to refuse eating. According to Rose et al., (2013) inadequate nutrition is the primary cause of weight loss in patients. The other potential factors leading to the weight loss include psychological status, social isolation, and ill health. The patient has been suffering from dementia in which the patient looses cognitive ability and memory, often leading to poor nutritional intake. Psychological factors like depression is also a cause of wight loss. Lastly, the patient had been living alone, and research indicates an association between social isolation and weight loss. Mrs. Walkers mobility is impaired, and she is physically weak. Mobility issues and, functional impairment lead to falls and reduced body functions. This has a negative impact on the nutritional intake of the patient. As the patient lives alone, she must have been facing difficulties in ensuring proper nutritional intake (Cress, 2015). Referral for Mrs. Walker is to be made to three professionals who would provide specialist care; recreational therapist, exercise physiologist, and dietician. The role of the recreational therapist would be to apply activity-based interventions for addressing mental health concerns. The dietician would outline a dietary chart for appropriate nutritional intake. Lastly, the exercise therapist would aid in increased patient mobility (Wold, 2013). A patient having poor oral hygiene suffers difficulty in eating and subsequently has a less nutritional intake. The rationale is a limitation in food choices due to difficulty in eating. Further, a dry mouth is the cause of speaking difficulties. The patient also has reduced pleasures associated with eating. Moreover, poor appearance due to poor oral hygiene is a significant reason for low self-esteem. Lastly, there is a link between poor oral hygiene and health complications such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Bhayade et al., 2016). The oral health assessment for Mrs. Walker need to include aspects such as texture of the gum between the teeth as well as under them, colour of the tongue and lips, texture of the same, production of saliva, condition of tissue inside cheek and on roof and floor of mouth, oral cleanliness and any concerns related to dentures. The dentures need special mention as the same had ben found to be kept in inappropriate places at the patients home (Gil et al., 2015). Dentures are a removable replacement for teeth not present naturally in a patient. They are prosthetic devices helping in eating ability of the individual. Since the prosthetic device is placed within the mouth, they are to be kept clean and free of stains. Soon after using the denture they are to be removed from the mouth and cleaned for removal of the food particles. They are then to be placed at an appropriate place for avoiding damage. Caution is to be taken so that the denture does not become enlarged, indicating its uselessness. Simultaneously, the patient needs to clean her mouth after removing the denture. A toothbrush can be used for this purpose that is helpful in cleaning the palate and tongue. For maintaining the shape of the denture, it is advisable to soak it in water overnight. For cleaning the denture, a mild cleanser is to be used (Mylonas et al., 2016). A gait assessment would be essential for Mrs. Walker as she has impaired mobility and is not able to stand on her feet while maintaining balance. Such as assessment is imperative for evaluating the level of steadiness for the patient. The assessor can understand the changes in walking posture and difficulty faced by patient related to a patient stance. An orthopedic professional would be the concerned professional for this assessment (Pierre Conley, 2017). Dementia is defined as the chronic mental disordered suffered by patients in which the individual has reduced levels of cognitive skills and memory along with a decline in thinking and judgment ability. A person suffering from this persistent disorder has impaired communication and reasoning skills (Mller et al., 2017). Alzheimers disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, whose early stage is marked by memory loss in a mild stage. With the progress of the disease, the patient gradually losses the ability to engage in an appropriate conversation with other and interact with the social environment. The symptoms include language problem, mood swings, disorientation, loss of motivation and behavioural issues. Responding to the changes in the surrounding is difficult under such conditions. A patient suffering from this disease has impaired the ability to carry out activities of daily living. The rationale for this is reduced mental status. Research indicates that approximately 80 % of reported cases of dementia are of Alzheimers (Devanand et al., 2015). Lack of knowledge about the differences between palliative care and end-of-life care has often led to the need of educating patients and their families about the same. As opined by Hui et al., (2014) there is a distinct difference between the two forms of care. Palliative care is known as the form of care whose key focus is on the improvement of patients quality of life and care delivered when it comes to addressing life-limiting or life-threatening heath complications. The objective is to guide the patient and the family through the complete process of prevention and relief of pain and suffering. It is imperative to detect the physical, psychosocial and spiritual concerns pertaining to the patient condition. End-of-life care, though an element of palliative care, is more directed towards patient care when the individual is nearing the end of his life. Such form of care aims to maintain the quality of life before the patient dies (Boltz et al., 2016). Stimulation therapy would be the first approach helpful for Mrs. Walker to address her mental instability. According to Wold (2013) stimulating therapy is useful for distracting patients from the disturbing environment and engaging them in different activities. In the present case, the patient has been suffering from anxiety that could be addressed through this. Engaging in different activities would ensure that her feelings of loneliness would be diminished and she would regain self-confidence. Secondly, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) would be significant as a form of psychosocial intervention. Such interventions are effective for reduction of symptoms of depression and social stress. The model acts through establishing the relationship between emotional and cognitive status. Since patients suffering from dementia have multiple dysfunctions, the therapy would aid Mrs. Walker in modifying the dysfunctions and build upon emotions t is necessary for a healthcare professional to ensure that the patient is presented with an environment that is emotionally and physically safe. The aim is to create an environment that promotes the physical and mental wellbeing of the patient (Pierre Conley, 2017). It is known that the environment in which a patient lives in has a profound impact on the health outcomes. Patients are likely to react in an inappropriate manner if the environment is not safe and such responses have a negative impact on the patient condition. A safe and secured physical environment ensures that the patient is not presented with any risk of physical harm. Since Mrs. Walker has a decreased mobility, a safe physical environment would reduce chances of patient falls and other injuries. An emotionally safe environment would permit the patient to remain in a calm and serene state of mind, and this is crucial since she has been suffering from dementia. The Carers Recognition Act 2010 was brought into a function with the aim of increasing awareness and recognition of the functions and role care providers are to fulfill while providing care to patients suffering from mental illness and disability. The objective was to point out the contribution care givers have in the promotion of wellbeing of the community (Carer Recognition Act 2010). Three ethical considerations included in the 10 key principles in the Carers Recognition Act 2010 are as follows- Equal rights given to carers of children Equal payment for all carers promoting well-being of the community Acknowledgement to be given to the personal needs of the carers Legal requirements are to be fulfilled in relation to handling a patient after death prior to the post-mortem examination. A certified physician is to examine the patient and prepare necessary documents. The nurse must convey the information to the respective family members. The standard precautions to be applied while caring for a deceased body are as follows- Universal infection control measures are to be abided by Manual handling of the patient needs to be done carefully Personal protective measures are to be used (Netting Williams, 2014) As an enrolled nurse, it is a responsibility to provide comfort and support to the grieving family. 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